The Social Contract and Its Impact on the Government Essay

The Social Contract and Its Impact on the Government The â€Å"Social Contract† was a theory written in the 17th and 18th century. This theory argued four important main points. These main points said that the state existed to serve the will of the people, that people were the only source of government power, that the people were free to withhold power of the government, but also had the ability to give power to the government, and finally it stated that the ideas in this document limited government, individual rights, and popular sovereignty. James Harrington, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke wrote this document. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both very important men, and both had a tremendous influence on†¦show more content†¦The Articles of Confederation were the Nation’s first constitution, and was called the â€Å"firm league of friendship† among the 13 states. Although there was only good in mind when they were written, the Articles of Confederation had major problems. Sin ce the nation had just left the rule of the British, the people were reluctant to have a strong government, and this is why the Articles had very limited powers. For example, the Articles did not provide for a president or a national court system. It did, however, create a Congress that allowed each state to have one vote, but these powers were limited as well. They had the power to call for war, but could not make the states obey treaties of other nations or draft for soldiers. Congress also did not have the power to regulate any sort of trade, interstate or foreign. They also did not have the power to tax individuals or states as well. Due the lack of powers written in the Article of Confederation the document was soon considered to be a failure. One of the many reasons that the Articles of Confederation was not successful was because of the problems the nation faced at that time. Just a few of the hardships the people faced included the Stamp Act of 1765, Boston Massacre 1770, Bo ston Tea Party 1773, the Intolerable Acts 1774, Lexington and Concord 1775, and finally the Declaration of Independence in July of 1776. The framers thought that the Articles could help out theShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Rousseau s Impact On Western Political Development1593 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Locke and Rousseau The Enlightenment saw many great thinkers, but maybe no other individuals had a greater impact on Western political development than John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Locke and Rousseau, at the core of their arguments, believed that mankind creates a social contract within society. However, Rousseau and Locke differ in their exact view of the social contract, but both agree that some individual rights must be sacrificed for the good of mankind, and that before there wasRead MoreEssay On John Locke And Thomas Hobbes1076 Words   |  5 Pagesbig impact in history. Today, everyone recognizes natural rights and the modern system of government uses social contracts every day. Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588 in England. He was an Enlightenment philosopher, a scientist, and a historian. Hobbes was most popular for his political philosophies. In 1651, he wrote Leviathan, a book about politics. It talked about why he favored an absolute monarchy. 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(35 points) Following, numerous years of tension and issues, including unfair taxation, and unlawful restrictions, Great Britain and the colonies, underwent a revolution resulting in their separation. Through their new found freedom came the Declaration of Independence, a formal proclamation affirming the colonies to be  ¨Free and Independent States. ¨ The Declaration incorporates numerous ideas about government and people, many of which are foundRead MoreRole Of Unions During The United States899 Words   |  4 Pagesto create todays labor standards. These standards include minimum wage, social security, eight-hour workday and weekends, overtime pay, the American with Disabilities Act and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Unions help to ensure fairness in the workplace and to give a diverse workforce an equal voice. Wages and Work Hours According to Voos, â€Å"there is now a substantial body of research evidence on the economic impact of U.S. unions† (2009). Unions are not outdated; they continue to make progressRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Contracts Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English political philosophers, who have had a lasting impact on modern political science. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both spent much of their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, areRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Constitutional Struggle1114 Words   |  5 PagesHe remained in voluntary exile for 11 years. During that time he became a tutor for the Prince of Whales who was also exiled. Hobbes believed that without a social contract people would come to live in a state of nature. Meaning that there would be no common way of life and people would live in fear of one another. Without the social contract there would be no authority to set up any laws. People would behave in anarchy and chaos. Society would only act on what benefit themselves instead of each other

The Catcher in the Rye vs. Looking For Alaska - 1807 Words

Looking For Alaska vs. The Catcher in the Rye Many parallels can be drawn between the main protagonists in John Greens Looking for Alaska, and J.D. Salingers Catcher in the Rye. Although these two coming of age novels differ greatly in setting and in circumstance, many of the broader, more fundamental themes in each are actually quite similar. John Green was very much influenced by J.D. Salinger, and even admitted that Miles Pudge Halter in Looking For Alaska, was based largely off of Holden Caulfield, the main character in Catcher in the Rye. In reading the two books, this statement becomes less and less difficult to believe as we see ignorance, rebellion against authority, death, isolation, and eventually maturity, and†¦show more content†¦In a conversation with her after she passes, he says, You cant just make me different then leave. (†¦) Because I was fine before, Alaska. I was fine with just me and last words and school friends, and you cant just make me different and then die. (Looking For Alaska, p. 172). Its interesting that Miles seems to personify Alaska throughout the rest of the book after shes dead, much like Holden does in The Catcher in the Rye. Although the reader never meets Holdens little brother, Allie Caulfield, we sure do hear a lot about him throughout the book. He died of leukemia on July 18, 1946, when he was eleven and Holden was thirteen. He describes the dark memory to the reader by saying, I was only thirteen, and they were going to have me psychoanalyzed and all, because I broke all the goddam windows in the garage. I dont blame them. I really dont. I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddam windows with my fist just for the hell of it. (The Catcher in the Rye, p. 50). Its clear that Holden and Miles have in common that they cant just move on when dealing with a death, but they have to heal and take their time to work it out. Holden and Miles both individually deal with isolation in their resp ective circumstances, Miles experiences it post Alaska Youngs sudden death, and Holden goes through it merely being on his own. Some time after Alaskas funeral, Miles speaks to Takumi for the

Impact of Emerging Digital Technologies Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the challenges in Cyber Security for Business. Answer: Introduction Cyber security is a growing technology problem which need to be approached in a more technical way. It has be approached in a more dynamic way by all stakeholders because it is a global problem rather than an organizational level issue. Businesses have been faced with challenges of solving cyber security problems ranging from organizational compliance program to international standards compliance programs. In cyber security, privacy and data protection is of more concern and has to be enforced to make sure organizational data is not exposed to intruders who may end up sabotaging organizational systems (HASIB 2014, p. 112). The norm of just keeping organizational data is gone and organizations are investing heavily on security of their information since it has become a very valuable asset for any organization. Hacking has been of major concern and business have been compromised through various ways. To organizations that work online and most of its transactions are done through an onl ine system, security must be enforced to secure both organizational and customers data. Recently, credit card transactions have shot up with increases in online transaction and hackers have taken that privilege to compromise such transaction to steal from organizations and innocent customers. Customers have found themselves as a soft target since they are being billed fraudulent charges without their knowledge. Project objective The main objective of the paper is to address cyber security challenges that organizations have been facing. Important to note is that, such challenges might be considered at organizational level but they are mainly global oriented. After addressing security challenges, it will focus on how these challenges have been created and best alternatives in solving cyber security lapses. Project scope To address cyber security challenges, it will be important to focus on both international market and organizational level compliance programs which are meant to solve cyber security. Next, data protection and privacy of organization is very sensitive when addressing data breach and hacking. Lack of defined procedure and processes on how to solve cyber security issues has to be clearly outlined in order to help in creating awareness on what organizational level must implement to curb security problems. Literature Review Compliance Compliance is an act getting in line with what is required in order to be able to solve cyber security challenges that organizations and small business operators are facing in the market today (MINICK 2016, p. 57). This brings out aspect of laying down good foundation to facilitate business growth by meeting all core elements related to set compliance programs. Effective compliance structures are created by creating very high notch code of conduct to help in understanding the stipulated roles of conduct in organization and setting out required building blocks for compliance program. Important to note is that various security compliance programs are unique from each other and have various levels of attaining maturity. Security compliance maturity is mostly determined by level of risk each challenge is presenting to organizations in the market (SMITH COCKBURN 2014, p. 19). Compliance programs are mainly determined by code of ethics that are prescribed by a particular organization. Com pliance program set out to mitigate cyber security challenges might be set out in regard to organizational prescribed code of conduct, code of ethics in existence and above all rules and regulations that are set out by specific organizational management. Since compliance programs are set out in accordance with roles and responsibilities, it is good to be more aware of organizational ethical practices. When organization sets up compliance programs, it has to make sure its compliance program is more than making its employees follow rules. It has to be aimed at making organizational success a reality. Finally, according to SUBRAMANIAN (2008, p. 135), the tone in which this compliance program is passed to organizational employees and stakeholders is of values. The highest tone is very important since it defines success of the organization. According to ICGS3 et al (2015, p. 256), some of the compliance in cyber security are; IT Audit and compliance, IT policies and governance and IT risk assessment and management. A good example can be observed from Cisco and InfoSec Companies which have been working together in order to facilitate global business production by protecting organizational systems and data from either internal or external threats emanating from cyber security. Though a lot of compliance has been put on both hardware and software, the two Companies have taken very holistic approach in securing organizational data. Some of these approaches include; implementing market focused policies and processes that makes sure organizations comply with cyber security set policies and procedures (ADOMI 201, p. 10). This is done through creating policies that govern how organizations that use products from these companies such as hardware and software must follow if they have to benefit from their products. Next, these or ganizations have gone an extra mile to implement security in their infrastructure before distributing them to consumers. Further, DONALDSON et al (2015, p. 27) argues that, Cisco and InfoSec have been fostering security conscious culture with aim of reducing attacks and fostering good security in business. Finally, regarding organizational policies and procedure, these two companies have created processes and procedures to be followed when implementing security measures in their business by use of their products. This demonstrates that, compliance with requirements and specifications is very important as it helps in making sure challenges faced in cyber security are solved. Privacy and data protection Privacy of organizational data is of paramount and has to be kept as a secret asset for the subject organization (SCHU?NEMANN BAUMANN 2017, p. 5). In todays business, data has become one of most important asset since it is being used to make critical decision regarding organizational operations and next course of action in business activities. The main question that has been of concern is, why protect organizational data more than any other asset of the organization? This reason behind data privacy and protection is because of its value when accessed by competing firms. CYBERICS et al (2015, p.6) stipulates that, data offers competitive advantage in the market and if accessed by unauthorized people, it can be used to reveal organizational operational procedures which may later be used to plan competitive strategies against subject organization. This makes organizations make decisions that are more on protecting data rather than putting perimeter security against organizational data. In privacy terms, storing more sensitive information in one database may mean more harm if an attacker gains access to the system. A good example that many organizations have been facing is storing their customers credit card numbers together with their expiry date. This has been the norm but with increasing cyber security data breaches around the world, it has become a major concern because it has been realized that, when a hacker compromises the system, hefty fraudulent transactions can be done (MOORE 2017, p. 198). Further, connecting to websites using organizational computers by employees have been exposing organizational data in to risks because once they get connected to these websites, a lot of information is left. They may be used to collect very sensitive information which can be used to break into organizational data. The most issues of concern with organization is how to do away with cyber security challenges. Data security challenges can be addressed by organizations by limiting the number of people who have privileges to access areas such as server rooms and data centers (WONG 2013, p. 25). Having achieved this, it is important to put data security measures such as strong authentication and authorization measures against unauthorized users of the system. Most important of all aspect is implementing data encryption measures to secure data from its use even after attackers gain access into the system. Failing to encrypt data puts it at risk of being compromised for personal gain. Though it is a good measure, the main issue has been on technology required to implement such security measures. Hackers are more skilled and experienced since they are the same technocrats that organizations has been employing to safeguard organizational data (SOTTO 2016, p. 978). Due to wide experience of skills they p ossess, they have been learning various systems and their mode of operations then ditch organizations in order to get a good chance to compromise their of target system. Therefore, with so many lapses that exist in data privacy and protection of organizational data, it has become a great challenge to meet all requirements of securing organizational data from access by hackers from outside and access by unauthorized employees. KHURANA AGGARWAL (2013, p. 168) argues that, data security has become a topmost issue and organizations are investing heavily on security of their data more than ever. Managing third party data In todays technological market, organizations have been opting for third party services such as cloud computing services in order to reduce cost of managing data on their own (TURUK 2016, p. 89). Due to cost involved in managing data, going for a third becomes the alternative but the major issues is on integrity of data. Is the security of data guaranteed under third party? Taking an example of cloud services, organizational data is hosted remotely in the cloud without coming into conduct with hosting firm (LECLAIR 2013, p. 251). Organizational data can be accessed by employees remotely but without knowledge of where data is hosted. In such a scenario, organization employees is not aware of who has access to the data and what security lapses exist. In this case, organizational IT experts are aware on how data is managed rather than offering technical assistance to users. Though it is the responsibility of the hosting company to put in place all security parameters, it becomes a chall enge when companys hosting services spans to a large geographical area, especially worldwide. Imposing regulatory policies that span over the whole world by any technology company is very challenging because different jurisdictions have diverse rules. In this regard, security teams must be very vigilant to monitor and give priority to challenges facing cyber security. According to KHAJURIA (2017, p. 175), organizational security teams must make sure all security missions regarding organization are in line with its mission and vision of the firm. Lack of operational processes and procedures Cyber security lapses are emerging at an alarming rate and need to be considered in order to be able to come up long lasting solution. There has been increase in number of cyber security attacks ranging from small business to large organizations. In order to solve cyber security challenges, there is need to have clear defined procedures to on how security problems would be solved once they arise (MEHAN 2014, p. 316). It is very clear that, there is no prescribed procedure to use when solving cyber security problems when they occur. Due to lack of administrative right management, it has been difficult to come up with the right rules governing cyber security. RICHET (2015, p. 112) stipulates that, IT professionals should come with procedures to be followed when organizations are faced with data breach. A good example is can be deduced from Ransomeware attacker which occurred May of this year and affected many counties and large organizations. In such a scenario, there was a problem in solving this major security attacker which affected entire world. If there could be a well-defined procedure follow when organizations are faced with cyber security, it would be very easy to mitigate data security issues. The main challenge which has hindered development of cyber security procures is diverse nature of attackers and ever changing technology which need to be revised (SMITH 2014, p. 12). It would be very difficult to plan for cyber security mitigation plan where technology is growing so fast. Rapid technology growth With need for specialized cyber security trained personnel in ever growing technological businesses, data security continue to present itself in a dynamic way. Technology growth is coming up with more sophisticated needs and new skills is required to handle technological need (KAPLAN et al 2015, p. 49). Due to this demand, organizations are taking all measures to ensure they protect their data from being compromised by either unauthorized people. To cater for growing technology, they are taking their IT professionals for specialized training in order to equip them with needed skills which in turn would be used to safeguard organizational data from any kind of breach. Once these IT professionals are fully equipped with skills that is not very diverse in the market, they feel more equipped for the business. They fail to new their contractual terms with subject companies. To organization, this turns to be total tragedy since the very resourceful personnel in the organization has turned t be a very big threat after ditching out the company (RAJAGOPAL BEHL 2016, p. 50). At this point, the subject company is left dilemma of evaluating what is will happen to their most sensitive organizational assets, the data. The main challenge in this scenario is, does organization owe IT professionals ethical code of conduct once they resign? They have been equipped with very sophisticated skills owing to the factor that they will be very valuable to the organization. According to IEEE professional code of conduct, privacy of personal information is paramount and all IT professional must abide by the rule of law by keeping organizational mode of operations and sensitive data privacy (TRYFONAS 2017, p. 524). Though this is what is expected from them, once they leave the subject organization, they are ready and prepared to benefit from the acquired skills through hacking. Instead of being valuable assets in fighting cyber security, they turn to be threat in cyber security. Ethical hackers turn to be unethical hackers and start posing a lot of threats to organizations. Conclusion Cyber security has turned to be a global technological war and if not well fought it might technology into war against business. There is every need for organization to come up with compliance programs which would bring together all technical aspects that has to be fulfilled by businesses in terms of cyber security measures to be followed. Compliance is very important because cyber security risks cannot be one organizational goals. Privacy protection and data security must be done in regard to international set standards in order to make sure all aspects are met. Measures must be put in place to make sure all data is kept secure and safe. Breaches to privacy and security measures put by organization must be dealt with as a crime. Additionally, third party management must be well managed in order to make sure all privacy and security of data is at its topmost. With emerging technology on cloud computing, third party data management is of important but there are professional issues whi ch must be met regardless of where data is hosted. Consequently, there are no cyber security pre-defined procedures which can be followed when solving technological problems. This leaves cyber security to be an open problem which can be solved by approaching it in a personal way which in turn might pose risk to other businesses. Finally, technological growth which has been coupled with ethical hacking which later turn to unethical hacking menace to organizations. Bibliography ADOMI, E. E. (2010) Frameworks for ICT policy: government, social and legal issues. Hershey, Information Science Reference. CYBERICS (WORKSHOP), BE?CUE, A., CUPPENS-BOULAHIA, N., CUPPENS, F., KATSIKAS, S. K., LAMBRINOUDAKIS, C. (2016). Security of industrial control systems and cyber physical systems: first Workshop, CyberICS 2015 and First Workshop, WOS-CPS 2015 Vienna. DONALDSON, S. E., SIEGEL, S. G., WILLIAMS, C. K., ASLAM, A. (2015) Enterprise cybersecurity: how to build a successful cyberdefense program against advanced threats. HASIB, M. (2014) Cybersecurity leadership: powering the modern organization. ICGS3 (CONFERENCE), JAHANKHANI, H., CARLILE OF BERRIEW, AKHGAR, B., TAAL, A., HESSAMI, A. G., HOSSEINIAN-FAR, A. (2015) Global security, safety and sustainability: tomorrow's challenges of cyber security: 10th International Conference, ICGS3 2015, London, UK. KAPLAN, J. M., BAILEY, T., REZEK, C., O'HALLORAN, D., MARCUS, A. (2015) Beyond cybersecurity: protecting your digital business. KHAJURIA, S. (2017) Cybersecurity and privacy - bridging the gap. River Publishers. KHURANA, R., AGGARWAL, R. (2013) Interdisciplinary perspectives on business convergence, computing, and legality. LECLAIR, J. (2013). Protecting our future, volume 1: educating a cybersecurity workforce. Bookbaby. MEHAN, J. E. (2014) Cyberwar, cyberterror, cybercrime and cyberactivism: an in-depth guide to the role of standards in the cybersecurity environment. MINICK, B. (2016) Facing cyber threats head on: protecting yourself and your business. MOORE, M. (2017) Cybersecurity breaches and issues surrounding online threat protection. RAJAGOPAL, BEHL, R. (2016) Business analytics and cyber security management in organizations. Hershey, Business Science Reference. RICHET, J.-L. (2015) Cybersecurity policies and strategies for cyberwarfare prevention. SCHU?NEMANN, W. J., BAUMANN, M.-O. (2017) Privacy, data protection and cybersecurity in Europe. SMITH, P. A. C., COCKBURN, T. (2014) Impact of emerging digital technologies on leadership in global business. SMITH, R. (2014) CYBERCRIME - A CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER THE CEO'S GUIDE TO CYBER SECURITY. [S.l.], LULU PRESS INC. SOTTO, L. J. (2016) Privacy and data security law deskbook. Wolters Kluwer Law Bus. SUBRAMANIAN, R. (2008) Computer security, privacy, and politics: current issues, challenges, and solutions. Hershey, IRM Press. TRYFONAS, T. (2017) Human aspects of information security, privacy and trust: 5th International Conference, HAS 2017, held as part of HCI International 2017, Vancouver, BC, Canada. TURUK, A. K. (2016) Resource Management and Efficiency in Cloud Computing Environments. Hershey, UNITED STATES, Information Science Reference. WONG, R. (2013) Data security breaches and privacy in Europe. London, Sp

Question 1 Essay Example

Question 1 Essay According to Hickling(2001), the Malaysian Government follows the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya which was established on Merdeka day, August 31, 1957 in setting up its administrative and policy making decisions. Malaysia practices parliamentary democracy and is ruled as a constitutional Monarchy with Yang di Pertuan Agong as the head of the country. Under the constitution, Malaysia as a federation is ruled as a Constitutional Monarchy with the appointment of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King or Supreme Sovereign) as the head of the country. The federal Constitution of Malaysia divides the authority of the federation into its Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary authority. As stated in My Government, executive Authority refers to the power to govern the country. The Yang Di-Pertuan Agong is the head of the Executive Authority. However, he acts on the advice of the Prime Minister who heads the Cabinet. Hence, the Prime Minister is the Chief Executive and the head of the Government. The Prime Minister, Cabinet and the government administrative machinery are given the task of carrying out executive functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Question 1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Question 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Question 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to Wu(1975), legislative authority is in the hands of the Parliament, which comprises the Senate, House of Representatives and the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong who heads the Legislative Council. The Legislative Council functions as a law maker and has the authority to raise taxes and authorise expenditure. As stated in the Federal Constitution by Chang(2006), the judiciary is given the authority to hear and determine criminal matters, interpret the legality of any legislative and executive acts and the Federal and State Constitutions. The Head of the Judiciary is the Lord President of the Federal Court, which is the highest court in Malaysia. The Malaysia society places a high value on business. One can always hear and see news about businesses and the market news everywhere on the media. The government of Malaysia endorses free market society where entrepreneurship is thoroughly encouraged alot. Another aspect of Malaysian government is that it follows Islamic rules as a main guidelines in any business.Any country that hopes to trade or do business in Malaysia must understand that Islam is not just a religion within the country, it is entrenched in all aspects of the country even those thought to be secular. A company may want to look into past research of other countries they have tackled with such a dominant religious counterpart in government or do an even more in-depth analysis in general on how to approach the governmental system of the country as a whole. Tackling the Malaysian government poses not only the regular difficulties associated with entering a country but presents an even more complicated issue in the se nse that the company must also cooperate with a long Islamic tradition as well. For example, when McDonald’s first came to Malaysia in 1982, they are restricted to sell foods that are branded as â€Å"Halal’ by Islamic law. This means that they can’t sell their famous hamburgers which were made of pork meat. Besides that they also have to follow strict food preparation methods as implemented by de current government when preparing food for example, chicken n cows must be slay and killed through the means of cutting the throat only. Question 2 According to Radcliffe(2011), trade barriers are regulations or policies that are established to both protect an economy and support an infant economy from international markets. Trade barriers are sometimes seen as a detriment to the economy because it limits trade. By doing this it forces people to buy locally which can encourage growth but may also drive up the cost of living. Trade barriers are divided into two sections. The first is called tariffs which directly tax a good entering a country. They can be charged to individual goods or on all goods. According to Business Press(2009), in Malaysia the average tariff on all goods has dropped from 8.56% to 8.4% between 2005 and 2008. The second type of trade barrier is a nontariff barrier. These can include subsidies, Loans and aids, Customs Valuation, Quotas, Standards and Labels, Administrative Delays and many others. Malaysia has used a great deal of these barriers to protect its automotive industry. Since free trade typically results in more profitable trade many of the trade association such as The World Trade Organization and the ASEAN have required a drop in automotive tariffs. According to Asian Trade(2009), they have dropped from 40% to 20% in 2005 and 5% in 2008. Malaysia’s Ministry of International trade and Industry has developed a system of approved permits (AP). These permits allow foreign automobiles to be imported and then distributed. The system of AP acts as a quota by restricting the number of vehicles allowed into Malaysia. The current cap is 10 percent of the market. Malaysia also has strict traffic regulation and noise standards that act as a non-tariff trade barrier, by not allowing foreign vehicles that do not fit the requirements into the country. Malaysia uses an industrial adjustment fund to provide for locally assembled vehicles. Components sourced from locally registered components manufacturing companies are eligible for tax reductions, raising concerns that this fund revives the local content program that had been abolished in 2004. Because of the small-scale operations of many foreign carmakers in Malaysia, they cannot source components locally, thus preventing them from benefiting from this fund.